This paper presents an optimisation methodology for simulating the integration of distributed generation and electric vehicles (EVs) in a residential district. A model of a smart residential district is proposed. Different charging scenarios (CS) for private cars are considered for simulating different power demand distributions during the day. Four different case studies are investigated, namely the Base Case, in which no EVs are present in the district and three study cases with different CSs. A global optimisation method based on a genetic algorithm approach was applied on the model to find the total power from PV panels installed and co-generative micro gas turbines while minimising the annual energy cost in the district for the four different scenarios. In conclusion, the results showed that the use of EVs in the district introduces considerable savings with respect to the Base Case. Moreover, the impact of the chosen CS is nearly insignificant under a purely economic perspective even if it is relevant for grid management. Additionally, the optimum amounts of installed power vary in a limited range if the distance travelled by EVs, users’ departure and arrival time change broadly.

A B S T R A C TToday, all officials involved with the challenges of city sustainability have accepted the idea of a smarter city, using more technologies, creating better living conditions and protecting the environment for a better quality of life. The central part of the metropolis of Tabriz is based on Region 8 and part of Region 10, a historical-cultural area with an area of 286 hectares and a population of about 40 thousand people in 8 neighbourhoods. This research was compiled to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central part of Tabriz city with the approach of smart growth and in line with the sustainable development of problematic neighbourhoods in the 8th district of Tabriz metropolis. The present review is methodologically practical, to describe and analyze the goals of regeneration based on library studies. The statistical population of the research includes experts and people living in the central context. In the first part, the Delphi method was used by asking experts. In the second part, the structural equation method of SPSS and AMOS software is used. According to the results of using the scales of design, pedestrian-oriented, intergenerational justice in the actual situation and 3 indicators of management and productivity, stable and value-creating jobs are in the potential situation. Also, two environmental indicators with the most direct and indirect effects and a cultural index have been decisive in the regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz city. Therefore, in the regeneration of the central part, the studied indicators should be used simultaneously and integrated into the reconstruction projects of the central fabric of the city to lead to smart sustainabilityExtended AbstractIntroductionSmart growth is considered a lever for revitalizing neighborhoods and urban centers. In a general scenario of smart growth, knowing the time and resources of investment provides a new and sustainable life in the city center and worn-out and old textures. Moreover, finally, it will improve the quality of urban neighborhoods, especially worn-out ones, and revive them. Tabriz metropolis, one of the most important and largest cities in the country, with a long history of settlement, especially the central and old texture, due to developments in information and communication technology, extensive environmental, social, and economic changes in terms of time requirements, the traditional texture of roads, Deterioration of residential units, lack of equipment, infrastructure and urban services and environmental problems have caused the failure and physically turned into inefficient and problematic textures. Urban planning and development science must adopt a new decision and approach to face the existing and complex issues of worn-out texture. The main problem of the research is to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central texture and strengthen them in line with the sustainable development of the problematic neighborhoods of Tabriz metropolis according to the solutions and principles of smart urban growth. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to answer the following question:- What are the effective indicators and components in the regeneration of the central texture of Tabriz metropolis with a smart growth approach? MethodologyThis research is applied and fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The collection methods are based on documentary and library studies, surveys, and interviews. In the first part, qualitative data was prepared with an open questionnaire and through interviews, as well as the review of documents and quantitative data used in this research numerically and through the weighting of Delphi questionnaires based on the consensus index model to determine importance, certainty, and priority. The panel members were 19 people (including 5 university faculty members, 7 field research experts, 4 executive experts, and 3 graduate students) selected based on the non-probability (targeted) method. In the second part, Cronbach's alpha method was exerted to measure the reliability of the questions, which was obtained as 0.89. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the Lawshe method was exploited. The statistical population of the second part includes District 8 of Tabriz, which is the central texture of the city and is equal to 34,231 people. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was equal to 379 people. Results and discussionIn the next step, path analysis was performed using AMOS 23 software to compare the integrated model with the hypotheses. The results of the path analysis, while verifying the structures, show that the value of the index of the critical ratio to the degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) is equal to 4.01, which is an optimal value for the model fit. Also, the goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.952, which indicates the acceptability of this amount for the optimal fit of the model. The value of the root means the square error of estimation (RMSEA) is 0.065, which is acceptable because it is smaller than 0.08 and indicates the confirmation of the research model. Also, the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) is 0.917, the comparative fit index (CFI) is 0.92, and the normalized parsimonious fit index (PNFI) is 0.882, which all indicate that the fit and verification of the research model are desirable.Therefore, none of the objects are removed and remain in the model. Therefore, it is confirmed that the factor structure of regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach has reliability and construct validity. Also, the second-order factor analysis shows that the factor loadings of all regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 95% probability level. According to the results, the environmental dimension with a factor loading of 0.94 has the most significant effect on urban regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central texture of Tabriz city. After that, quality of life with a factor loading of 0.92, social dimension with a factor loading of 0.88, economic dimension with a factor loading of 0.83, physical dimension with a factor loading of 0.81, transportation dimension with a factor loading of 0.74 and cultural dimension in order with a factor loading of 0.72, are in the following ranks.According to the final structural model results, the environmental index has the highest value, with a direct effect of 0.594 and an indirect effect of 0.275. Moreover, after that, respectively, the quality of life index with a direct effect of 0.513 and an indirect effect of 0.236, a social index with a direct effect of 0.476 and an indirect effect of 0.217, an economic index with a direct effect of 0.451 and an indirect effect of 0.222, Physical with the direct effect of 0.435 and indirect effect of 0.205, mobility index with the direct effect of 0.373 and indirect effect of 0.182 and cultural index with the effect of direct values of 0.295 and indirect effect of 0.153 are influential in regeneration with smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz city. ConclusionIn this research, seven main indicators related to the subject were investigated. The results showed that the environmental index with the most significant direct and indirect effect is the focus of the evaluation. After that, dimensions and indicators of quality of life, social index, economic index, physical index, mobility index, and cultural index have been influential. According to the results, the urban environment index was analyzed as the most important factor at a high level, and this means that for urban regeneration with a smart growth approach, improving the environmental and physical conditions in the worn-out and central texture of Tabriz city in the current situation is a priority. It is first. This is the most well-known part of regeneration with a smart growth approach. The analysis results show that this is not the case only in the case of transportation infrastructure. However, more comprehensive urban infrastructure such as the urban landscape, open spaces, green and parks, etc. are also crucial in improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. Also, this study's results show that the economic sector's importance is as important as improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. In addition, in the worn-out texture of District 8 of Tabriz city, the sociocultural sector is essential, and the revival of historical and cultural resources is considered one of the urban regeneration options. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.  Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific.

In recent century, sustainability has been the most important feature especially in economic, social and environmental issues. So that it has always been the main concern of regional, national and even international planners; as the consequent challenges were the main threat to achieving sustainable development of human society. In this study, all aspects of sustainability including environmental, cultural, economic and social aspects were considered so that in this way we can better explain the sustainability condition of Zabol city and determine the best stable neighborhood and unstable challenges. Acoording to research findings, some districts of Zabol are far from the real sustainability, and some districts have been able to have a step toward sustainability by creating appropriate infrastructures. Among which one can point to Nasional district of Zabol that has many of the qualitative and quantitative indicators of sustainability and certainly in a near future, it can be named as a real sustaintable residential district in Zabol.

The present article is a model for the optimal management of energy consumption of smart residential buildings by considering the emotional characteristics to ensure the comfort of residents. In order to smarten the indoor temperature based on emotional components (clothing, outdoor temperature, age, body mass index (BMI1), humidity and number of residents) by expert system and questionnaire, temperature has been determined as a basis. Mogles et al, in an article entitled Designing Behavioral Interactions of Energy Changes for a Computational Model, investigated creating a structure to fit various types of models and using the simulation model as a tool for evaluation, which affects consumption decisions. According to the results, the presented model can predict the energy saving behavior much better than the existing stochastic models and correctly estimate the effect of the accepted technologies. Also, the analytical model can become a decision-making system in accordance with the change of energy behavior (Mogles et al., 2018).

In recent years, the use of renewable energy sources, particularly solar panels, has gained attention as an effective solution for reducing environmental pollution and transmission and distribution network losses. These energy sources not only contribute to improving environmental conditions but also enhance the quality of life by reducing electricity costs in buildings. In this study, a particle swarm optimization algorithm has been employed to optimize the power generation of solar panels and reduce costs. Simulation results indicate that a 100 kW solar panel generates 80 kW of power at 11 a.m., with an average daily power consumption of 22.9 kWh. Moreover, the system has been able to generate 8,614 kWh of energy annually. Considering time-of-use pricing and utilizing the particle swarm optimization algorithm, electricity consumption costs have been reduced to zero, and the possibility of selling the generated electricity has been enabled, demonstrating the system’s high efficiency under various conditions. This research can serve as a valuable guide for managers and policymakers in optimizing the use of renewable resources and reducing energy costs.

Introduction The concept of the smart city over the past two decades has found great popularity in the realm of science and politics. The term of development focuses on improvement of the level and quality of life for individuals and enhancement of the general welfare of society. Its sustainability refers to the continuity of this process throughout the human generations. As a result, the sustainable development will encompass all the aspects and dimensions of human life. Sustainable development focuses on the qualitative and quantitative aspects. Since 1990, the term of Smart City has been expanded with the liberation of telecommunications and the development of services provided through the internet. What drives a city into intelligence is not merely the application of electronic device and communication system of that city. The Smart City is a city administering all the affairs of its citizens online including public and private services. Thus, one of the main differences between the smart city and other urban concepts (virtual city, electronic city, digital city, etc. ) is the ability of the smart city to answer and solve the urban problems of citizens in a hierarchy. The citizens of Smart city have a high responsibility for their settlement because they are more aware of their own city and can participate in its administration. They will provide service at their level of participation. Thus, the major roles the smart city can play are including smart environment, smart mobility, smart economy, smart governance, smart life and smart people. This study attempts to examine sustainable urban development in Tehran 6th metropolitan area with 14 neighborhoods. One of the main physical features is its location in the city center of Tehran in one hand and the establishment of the most important administrative-service utilities with a transnational, urban and even national scale of service-oriented utilization on the other hand. This kind of application is faced with many challenges and problems such as blending of resources, population overflow in the region, concentration of ministries and important national organizations. These factors can cause instability in the neighborhoods of this region. Methodology The current study was conducted using a survey method and a questionnaire tool to collect data. Measurement tools (questionnaires) have formal validity. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to obtain validity of the tool. The statistical population of this study is all the residents in the district 6 of Tehran, by cluster sampling method. The district 6 may be considered as one of the central areas of Tehran. This neighborhood is geographically limited to the Enghelab Islami Street from the south, to the Hemmat highway from the north, to the Modarres highway from the east and to the Shahid Chamran highway from the west. The district of the municipality is divided into 14 neighborhoods. Results and discussion The results of this study indicate that there is a solid correlation between smart environment, smart governance, smart mobility, smart people, smart living, and smart economy. Each of the smart urban components will increase the stability of the district. This finding is confirmed by the research findings of Su, Li and Fu (2011), Awosusi and Jegede (2013), Lee and Hu (2013). The results of regression analysis have indicated that three factors of smart mobility, smart people and their smart life affect their significant sustainability as the most important factors. The proportions of the smart mobility, smart people and smart lives are 26%, 16%, and 28%, respectively. Thus, among these factors, smart life is the most influential factor in explaining sustainability. The results of this research are consistent with the research by Ni and Liu (2014). Conclusion The term of development focuses on improving the level and quality of life of individuals and improving the general welfare of the community, and its sustainability refers to the continuation of this process in future. In this way, sustainable development embraces all aspects and dimensions of human life. Paying attention to the purposes, principles and philosophy of sustainable development explain that sustainability of development depends on the participation of the people of a country in the planning, implementation and evaluation of projects. Since sustainable development has a quantitative and qualitative dimension, it is necessary to change the attitudes, skills, and perspectives of individuals. The development proceeds more quickly and this is not possible without the cooperation of all people. In sustainable development, people constitute the true wealth of every nation, and the purpose of development is to create conditions to enable people to enjoy a long healthy life. Over the past decades, cities have become increasingly important in economic, environmental, social, and development trends. These agents, in turn, depend on the real and focal point of political and economic strategies. The smart city is about how citizens can shape the city and how it can contribute to urban development. The smart cities join to each other by strategic planning initiatives from a bottom-up perspective. The planning approaches from top to bottom and from bottom to top must be complementary. The areas, neighborhoods, and urban spaces are key elements of smart city strategies. Therefore, the current paper argued that the use of new methods such as urban intelligence with intelligent economy, smart people, smart environment, intelligent mobility, and intelligent governance can realize purposes of urban sustainability. The main goals are including supply of basic needs, improvement of living standards, better management of ecosystems and a secure future in several economic, social, cultural, environmental, and physical aspects.

A B S T R A C T The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected the information required for this research. The statistical population of the research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size according to the Cochran formula was 364. The study results of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among the investigated complexes, Rahan residential complex had the lowest connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes, and the highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among the other results of this research, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient among the investigated components. In the first place, the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, the multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in the third place, the security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in the fourth place and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153 Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of residential complexes based on the   theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of residential complexes based on the theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability.

In most parts of the world, unlimited resources and renewable energy have been welcomed due to limited fossil fuels and the emphasis of regulations on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Solar energy is more desirable because of its ease of access and conversion into electricity. The present issue is related to the costs and people and housing activists’ unwillingness to utilize renewable energy and the concern is that the country’s economy and the price of energy carriers do not create a comparative advantage for individuals. Therefore, the government must move towards encouraging policies and take the necessary measures. The purpose of this study is to estimate the operating costs of the solar power system for economic analysis and encourage investment. In the present descriptive-analytical study, the economic evaluation of grid-connected home photovoltaic system in a residential complex located in district 2 of Tehran, is investigated. Then, with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, using engineering economics techniques and Excel software, the present net worth criterion, internal rate of return, return on investment period and the ratio of net present value to initial investment of various types of financing methods are calculated. With the studies performed, all the economic criteria for the implementation of the photovoltaic system can be justified by analyzing the financing scenarios. On the other hand, granting subsidies, low-interest loans can encourage investors to enter the field of renewable energy, so that according to the benefits of the system, their economic justification can be feasible